Similar issue that I'm having. (VMware View, App Layering 23.12, Win10 22H2) I installed teams per: Known issues | App Layering (citrix.com). I published the image as normal, Teams shows up in the image just fine. Once I composed the image to a pool and had a user log in (with classic teams removed, I had it as an elastic layer), Teams wouldn't show up in the start menu.
The solution I found was that any user who had classic teams, I would need to delete their personalization layer, then have them sign in and then New Teams would work correctly. Not the best solution, but it works.